Ball Lightning – Nature’s mystery

The November 1931 issue of Modern Mechanix magazine had this gem of an article on ball lightning (and as always, thanks to the Modern Mechanix blog for posting the scans and text).

Science has solved most of nature’s mysteries, but that uncommon phenomenon known as ball lightning still awaits an explanation to which all scientists can agree. In this article a well-known meteorological expert cites many strange cases of the capers of this electrical freak and presents the several more logical explanations of what ball lightning really is.

Whoa! Let’s stop here. I don’t believe for a second that science has solved most of nature’s mysteries. If that were true, we wouldn’t be building ever larger colliders and detectors to measure more of the smallest particles in the universe. That said, let’s get back to this mystery of nature.

EARLY one morning last April, while a thunderstorm was in progress, a Reading Railroad train was standing in the station at Atlantic City. The rear coach contained six passengers; five men and a woman. A loud report was heard, the car shook violently, and the occupants were terrified to see a ball of fire, about the size of a baseball, enter the open rear door of the coach. After a fraction of a minute the ball disappeared without leaving any traces of its visit.

ball_lightning_clip.jpgMany more or less similar observations are recorded every year in the newspapers and the scientific journals. The phenomenon is classified as “ball lightning,” and so many circumstantial descriptions of it have been published that its characteristics are well known to science, though it has never been satisfactorily explained. A few years ago a German, Dr. Walther Brand, published a book containing a careful analysis of 215 cases, selected, as particularly trustworthy, from a much greater number of published reports. In this country Dr. W. J. Humphreys, of the Weather Bureau, has been collecting reports of ball lightning for several years, and he has lately broadcast an appeal through the newspapers” for additional reports.

Ball lightning occurs during thunderstorms and takes the form of a roundish luminous mass, often red but sometimes of other colors, which may first appear emerging from the base of a cloud, or may form in midair, or, again, may suddenly appear resting on . some terrestrial object. In many cases it enters buildings by way of a window, door, chimney or other opening, large or small. A hissing, humming or fluttering sound often accompanies it. The ball may fall or float through the air, or it may roll along the ground or other surface. In some cases it remains stationary for a time. It remains visible for periods varying from a small fraction of a second to several minutes, and it may disappear silently, or with a light crack, or with a violent explosion. Frequently, but not always, the appearance of the ball is preceded by an ordinary lightning flash.

So we’ve established this is freaky stuff. But what *DO* we know about ball lightning?

Dr. Humphreys, the leading American authority on lightning, believes that many reported cases of ball displays are due to an optical illusion. He says:

“A common form of apparent ball lightning is that in which a brilliant ‘ball’ is said to have hit a certain spot and then bounded away at greater or less speed over the ground, finally going off with a ‘bang.’ The explanation is as follows. Where the lightning hits* there is often a brilliant flash—much more brilliant than the streak itself. This is the ‘ball.’ It dazzles the eye and produces an image that persists for some seconds, nearly always to one side of the center of vision, because one would seldom be looking at the exact spot struck at the moment this happened. Hence, in turning the eye to look directly at the bright glare, the latter itself also turns, being a persistent image on the retina, and no longer an objective phenomenon. But the movement of the eye is irregular, and so the ‘ball’ goes bounding along. In a little while the thunder reaches and more or less startles the observer. That is when the supposed ball ‘explodes.’ ”

Ahhhhh, that’s it. It’s not even there. These freaks are imagining it, or making the whole event up. I feel better now.

And if you want to learn more about ball lightning, might I suggest some research over on Wikipedia? Of course, the funny thing here is that 70+ years later, we still haven’t figured this stuff out. Well, there is a scientist in New Zealand who was thought to have figured it, but that was in 2002, and still nothing confirmed about his ideas.

[tags]Ball Lightning, Modern Mechanix, Nature’s mysteries[/tags]

Cause of global warming discovered

Turns out this global warming fad is nothing new.  In the July 1932 issue of Modern Mechanix is this article placing the blame for global warming on carbon dioxide.  Note that people are still ultimately at fault, but apparently over time, what people are doing to cause global warming changes.

DR. E. O. HULBURT, physicist of the naval research laboratory, Washington, has found conclusive mathematical evidence that the earth’s temperature is being warmed by the increased amount of carbon dioxide present in the air. Smoke stacks emit huge volumes of this gas, which is also found in the breath and waste products of humans and animals.

[tags]Modern Mechanix, Global warming[/tags]

Make your own RGB mood light with LEDs

(via MAKEzine blog)
This is pretty nifty looking project. mood_red_thumbnail.jpgOf course, I like shiny things, so it might not as cool to others as it is to me. At this site, you can get complete instructions – video (color fades or color jumps) pictures, parts list, and circuit diagrams – for building your own mood light using 3 color LEDs.

mood_pink_thumbnail.jpgOn this page i will explain how i created my own colour changing lamp with red, green and blue leds that fades between all colours of the rainbow. It really comes out well at night when other light are dimmed. In daylight conditions the colors aren’t noticed well. mood_purple_thumbnail.jpgAlthough it’s low budget i must say the result is nice. Here are some photo’s of my lamp in action. Click on any foto to see it in a bigger size.

. . .

So if it’s low budget, what did you use? Well, mainly free stuff lying around. For the casing i used a plastic pyramid of ferrero rocher chocolates. I also used a microchip pic16f628 microprocessor i got from a free sample. Then i used some resistors and transistors i soldered out from old electronics. The LEDS were the most expensive. I used extra bright ones (red: 3000 mcd, green: 4000 mcd, blue:5000 mcd, all with a 25 degrees opening). I also purchased a battery holder formood_blue_thumbnail.jpg 4 AAA batteries which power this lamp for 10 hours non stop light effects.

. . .

This lamp is my first one and more of a proof of concept. It was the first time i programmed a pic microprocessor.

mood_green_thumbnail.jpgIn the near future i am planning to make more of these lamps but with other housings. I now know things i can do better in future lamps. For example buy diffused leds instead of transparant ones and with a bigger opening angle (however i solved the latter by rubbing the leds with sandpaper, but still…).

This looks like a fun to build project for me, and color changing useless lights just have an appeal to me. Now to find time to build one, and find a place in the house where my wife will let me leave it out all the time.

🙂

[tags]Mood lights, DIY, LEDs[/tags]

Massive history of Infocom available online

Too many of you are too young to know WTF I’m talking about here.  But for the 3 people who see this story and recognize the name Infocom, you can read a 51 page discourse on the rise and fall of this historic company.  If you don’t want to download and read the previously linked PDF, you can hit the introduction page to view a section by section layout or a slideshow of highlights.

To save you the trouble of tracking down information about Infocom (known first for Zork), I’ll go ahead and throw out an info link for the lazy here.  Also, to get a sample of Infocom’s work, try out Zork online.

[tags]Infocom, Interactive Fiction, Zork universe, Z-Machine[/tags]

Anna Konda – firefighting snake robot

(via Engadget)

When I first read about this earlier in the week, I was going to skip it. It sounds pretty cool, but I wasn’t sure it was Blah-worthy — it just didn’t seem interesting enough to me to makeannakonda.jpg a post about it. But I’ve run into this news item some 6 or 8 times since I first ran across, it. So, when I saw it on Engadget while catching up with my news-reading there, I decided I had better just post it and get it out of my head. That said, here’s some of the details on the newest robot that’s not likely to someday destroy you puny humans in its bid to take over the world.

Try to picture a snake-like robot that can move into places that are too dangerous for humans to enter. The snake can climb up stairs, force past beams and twist itself round corners. Imagine that it has a built-in advanced water tap that not only can be turned on and off, but can allow the direction of the water flow to be altered.

. . .

The snake contains 20 water hydraulic motors that move the robotic joints – and a similar number of valves to control the water flow to each motor. Each module consists of two hydraulic motors and two valves. The outer layer is comprised of a strong steel skeleton containing the joint modules,which can rotate around two orthogonal axes. The joints are controlled by custom-built electronics.

. . .

The energy to move the joints comes from 100 bars of hydraulic water pressure. “This pressure is strong enough to lift a car up off the ground, something that again explains how the snake can in principle break through a wall. But both the hydraulic pressure and the use of pure water without additives in the hydraulic system have posed challenges”, Liljebäck says.

. . .

The steel skeleton and motors are being custom-built at local workshops in Trondheim, partly because the research scientists needed to take a novel approach in the construction of the water hydraulic valves.

“The lack of space has been a major challenge,” says Liljebäck. “We needed power valves that were small, water tolerant and capable of controlling both the direction and the amount of the water flow. The closest thing we found on the market that met the criteria was valves used in Formula One racing cars, but these cost NOK 100,000 each and didn’t tolerate water. As a result, we decided to manufacture our own valves and, in co-operation with a local workshop, we built a prototype from scratch.”

Wow. Lift a car or break through a wall? Maybe this snake will one day crush you puny humans in an attempt to take over the world.

[tags]Robot snake, Firefighting robot[/tags]

Wait, there are people not actively seeking that?

According to ArsTechnica, the just passed Internet SAFETY (Stop Adults Facilitating the Exploitation of Youth) act includes provisions for prison sentences to people who deceptively link to p0rn. So anyone who links to p0rn and attempts to pass it off as other legitimate web link can be penalized by this new law. So anyone who accidentally find p0rn online could possibly get the link provider in trouble. This doesn’t worry be, as I neither link to p0rn nor get to it accidentally – I get all my p0rn from quality sites, so I have to actively seek it out.

The bill deals mostly with sex offenders, though it also includes provisions for stopping the sale of the “date rape” drug and boosting the National Police Athletic League. For our purposes, the end of the legislation is the most interesting. Section 703 deals with “deception by embedded words or images,” and rehashes the idea found in the Internet SAFETY Act.

(a) In General- Whoever knowingly embeds words or digital images into the source code of a website with the intent to deceive a person into viewing material constituting obscenity shall be fined under this title and imprisoned for not more than 10 years.

(b) Minors- Whoever knowingly embeds words or digital images into the source code of a website with the intent to deceive a minor into viewing material harmful to minors on the Internet shall be fined under this title and imprisoned for not more than 20 years.

The bill purposely leaves the provisions vague. What constitutes “deceit,” for instance? The law is worded loosely enough to allow prosecutors to use their discretion, and remains broad enough to deal with future changes in technology that might render a more specific bill obsolete.

Though the bill obviously applies only in the US, the government has recently shown a willingness to go after foreigners who operate web sites that are largely used by Americans.

[tags]Internet SAFETY Act, Online pr0n[/tags]

RIAA gets $115 million from Sharman Networks, Ltd.

(via boingboing)

Ending a years-long legal battle, the recording industry has settled with Sharman Networks, Ltd., operator of popular Kazaa peer-to-peer software.  Naturally, my first question is “How much of that money is going to the artists that the RIAA told us they were suing to protect?”

Record labels and movie studios won their long fight against one of the most notorious networks for online piracy Thursday, but the deal is unlikely to slow the worldwide trade in bootlegged songs, movies and television shows.

The entertainment industry’s settlement with the operator of Kazaa was hailed as a milestone because it ends an era in which backers of file-sharing networks could make millions of dollars a month luring people to their services with pirated goods.

. . .

Online piracy, meanwhile, continues.

“I don’t think anything has been accomplished here,” said Michael Goodman, a senior analyst with the Yankee Group in Boston. “From a legal perspective, this is a yawner. They won the battle, but the battlefront moved on about three years ago. That’s the problem with court systems. Technology and markets move way faster than courts can typically keep up with them. By the time you win that battle, who cares?”

Kazaa once accounted for nearly half of all online file-sharing, but its popularity has plummeted in the five years since its owners were sued for encouraging piracy.

. . .

Under the terms of the settlement, Kazaa will introduce filtering technologies to ensure that users can no longer share copyrighted music, film or software files. Sharman has paid $115 million to the recording industry, according to sources familiar with the negotiations. Studios received a separate undisclosed sum, reported to be in the tens of millions of dollars.

Sharman Networks issued a statement, saying the agreement cleared the way for Kazaa to offer licensed content.

“The settlement marks the dawn of a new age of cooperation between peer-to-peer technology and content industries which will promise an exciting future for online distribution in general and Kazaa users in particular,” said Nikki Hemming, chief executive of Sharman Networks.

Here’s what that all means

  • Sharman Networks, Ltd. promises to stop people from sharing coprighted material on the Kazaa network (impossible, by the way)
  • The recording industry get $115 to pay lawyers to continue going after music fans who like to hear music before buying (which we all know is illegal, but hard to stop in this age of 98% crap music)
  • Sharman Networks, Ltd. has aspirations to fail in the legal music download business the same way Napster has (with the extra burden of competing against Apple and iTunes)
  • The recording industry and Sharman Networks management types tell people that a new age in licensed digital music distribution is upon us (the same new age that has successfully been built up and practically controlled by the iTunes marketplace)

So we’ll see what happens from here.  Somehow, I doubt anyone on the consumer end will notice.

[tags]RIAA, Kazaa, Sharman Networks, Recording industry, Peer-to-peer[/tags]

OpenDNS – trying to improve your surfing experience

A recent ArsTechnica article provides more details and insight into the OpenDNS project which we have recently mentioned here.  Jeremy starts the article by noting that DNS isn’t something he (nor most other surfers) even thinks much about.

Thus, the announcement of a new, free DNS replacement service took me somewhat by surprise. Why would I want to change my DNS provider? What would I gain by doing such a thing? And more importantly, what was the catch?

According to David Ulevitch, founder of OpenDNS, the experience he gained starting and running EveryDNS (a free DNS service for web site hosts) taught him a lesson about the state of DNS services in general and the increasing problem of spam, phishing scams, and botnets. He noticed that nefarious groups were using EveryDNS as a vector to perpetuate these sorts of attacks. He added code to EveryDNS that would search for and deny these attempts, and shared information about the perpetrators with other DNS services. While he noticed the attacks no longer targeted his system, they simply moved elsewhere to find easier targets.

His idea was to attack the problem from the other end. Instead of trying to fix every web hosting DNS service, he thought about providing a DNS service for end users.

. . .

To attract people to this new service, Ulevitch promises that it will speed up DNS resolution, making for a faster web browsing experience. If that wasn’t enough, the service is designed to catch common typos, delivering the URL you want rather than the one you typed, and putting an end to sites that try and deceive users by typo-squatting.

So how well does it work? The answer depends very much on your current service provider. I’ve never had to spend much time waiting for DNS resolution, mostly because my provider, Shaw, keeps a very large cache of DNS addresses on a high-speed server. However, this can have its drawbacks when sites shift IPs too often and the cache isn’t updated quickly enough.

So, is OpenDNS something worth using?  Well, Chris Pirillo seems to think so.  Jeremy, the author of the above-quoted ArsTechnica article has this to say:

Is the site useful or not? With phishing filters coming in IE 7 and Firefox 2.0, it may be a solution looking for a problem. Still, it’s nice to have a backup option in case your ISP’s DNS services flare out temporarily. The one really nice thing about the service is that it requires no software installation (merely setting your DNS settings for your network connection) and if you decide you don’t like it, it’s trivial to change back to your ISP’s DNS service. Having a no-hassle “opt-out” clause is definitely a good thing to have with any new service you wish to try out.

[tags]OpenDNS, Faster surfing[/tags]

Popcorn workers’ lung

While visiting Mental Floss, I read about the public health blog Effect Measure. Since I’m a big geeky science-loving dork, I started reading Effect Measure. Today, I read one of the more interesting science stories I’d seen lately and just had to pass it on.

The article in question, title Popcorn worker’s lung, is about a recently identified disease known as bronchiolitis obliterans. The first cases identified by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) were back in 1999, although there is evidence some popcorn manufacturers knew of the health problem as early as 1993. As the disease name suggests, this is a problem seen in workers from microwave popcorn manufacturing facilities.

You’ve probably never heard of bronchiolitis obliterans and you certainly don’t want to have it. The name tells the story. The bronchioles are the smaller airway tubes that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the portions of your lungs where the gases are exchanged in the blood. If you obliterate those small tubes, well, you figure it out. The condition is debilitating and sometimes fatal. As I said, you don’t want it.

Want it or not, that’s the fate of dozens of workers in factories that make manufacture microwave popcorn or the artificial butter flavor that goes into the popcorn. One has already died and several are on lists awaiting lung transplants. This is a newly discovered condition in some ways — we’ve known about it for a little more than five years (see this NIOSH Alert; .pdf)– but in other ways we’ve known about it for too long without doing anything about it. Anything like what? Like OSHA issuing recommendations or protections to safeguard workers. OSHA has in fact done almost nothing.

. . .

OSHA’s response was perfunctory. NIOSH took it more seriously (NIOSH is the chronically underfunded occupational health federal research agency as opposed to OSHA, which is the regulatory agency). They quickly identified high levels of diacetyl in the plant and found high rates of chronic cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic bronchitis, compared to the general population. Pulmonary function tests verified the existence of some kind of respiratory risk in the workforce. NIOSH issued interim recommendations and advised the workers to wear respirators because the actions taken by the company were not sufficient to protect them.

. . .

In contrast to the NIOSH scientists’ efforts to identify the hazard and the prevalence of disease, OSHA’s response has been trivial. When faced with a hazard for which no standard has been set, OSHA has the authority to issue an emergency temporary standard or to invoke the “general duty clause” and require employers to reduce or eliminate clear hazards. OSHA selected neither of these options. Despite significant “bodies in the morgue” evidence, OSHA maintains that “a cause-effect relationship between diacetyl and bronchiolitis obliterans has not been established, as food-processing workers with this lung disease were also exposed to other flavoring agents.”

. . .

If you don’t work in a popcorn factory you may be tempted to shake your head about the lack of care for worker health and go on about your business. There is a lot of bad stuff in the world today and this is another example. But there is suspicion the problem is wider than just “popcorn workers’ lung,” as the condition is coming to be called. Many other food industry workers may also be at risk because diacetyl is used to make artifical flavors in candy, pastries, frozen foods and pet foods. More and more cases are being identified now that there is recognition of the problem. The big question is whether it is just diacetyl or other ingredients are involved. Of over 1000 flavoring ingredients used in food manufacture thought to represent a respiratory hazard , NIOSH has established recommended limits and OSHA permissible limits in a total of only 46. Whether there is a hazard when you make microwave popcorn at home is unknown.

That’s a majority of the article, but there are some important sections I’ve left out.  It ends by noting that people affected by this new disease have gone the route of suing.  While I rarely feel is the right response, I think in this case, lawsuits are going to be necessary to get prompt action on protecting workers.  Go visit Effect Measure for the full story.  And be careful when you make microwave popcorn now, just in case.
[tags]Popcorn workers’ lung, OSHA, NIOSH, Food industry, Microwave popcorn[/tags]

Be an expert on anything

This recent Wired.com article is a guide from (Dr.) Stephen Colbert on how to be an expert on anything.  Mainly, the way to be recognized as an expert is to assert that you are an expert.  Here’s a few tips.

PICK A FIELD THAT CAN’T BE VERIFIED. Try something like string theory or God’s will: “I speak to God. I’m sorry that you can’t also.” Security experts are in this category: They have security clearances, we don’t. We can’t question the expertise of the NSA because we are not in the NSA.

I’ve worked in security.  So I have a leg up on most folks, I guess.

CHOOSE A SUBJECT THAT’S ACTUALLY SECRET. Dan Brown invented a secret subject for The Da Vinci Code, so now he is forever an expert on this secret subject that no one can challenge. Anybody who attacks the secret subject is, by definition, part of the cabal.

Even better.  I’m not sure what I can pick, but I’ll make a note here when I choose my secret specialty.

SPEAK FROM THE BALLS, NOT FROM THE DIAPHRAGM. In the expert game, you’ve got to have sack. That means speaking with confidence. In America, you’ve got to steer clear of nuance and ambivalence – and don’t even contemplate doubt.

DON’T BE AFRAID TO MAKE THINGS UP. Never fear being exposed as a fraud. Experts make things up all the time. They’re qualified to.

There are more tips in the article.  So go learn how to be an expert.

[tags]Be an expert on anything, Stephen Colbert[/tags]

Why is the sky blue?

(via MentalFloss)

Turns out, it isn’t.  That’s the short answer.  The long answer is interesting – it’s violet, but our daylight vision is such that it is seen as blue.

Why is the sky blue? It is a question children ask. Yet it also intrigued Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton, among many other legendary thinkers. As late as 1862, the great astronomer John Herschel called the colour and polarization of skylight “great standing enigmas.” Even today, our perception of sky blue is little understood by laymen.

. . .

In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell realized the truth: The scattering substance must be the molecules of air themselves, none other. Indeed, John Ruskin suggested in 1869 that sky blue comes from light “reflected from the divided air itself.” Lord Rayleigh followed Maxwell’s advice and calculated that the observed scattering of skylight requires molecules whose size accords with that indicated by other physical arguments.

. . .

As you gaze at the clear blue sky, then, you are beholding unambiguous evidence that atoms really exist, something that was widely questioned as recently as the 19th century. This presents a profound but simple answer to our opening question about the sky’s colour. But even so, further explanation is required.

If Tyndall and Rayleigh are right, then the violet wavelengths from the sun, having still shorter wavelengths than blue, should be scattered even more. Given this, shouldn’t the sky be violet, not blue?

Indeed the sky is violet, if you observe not with the naked eye but with an instrument that objectively measures the intensity of the spectrum at different wavelengths. Such a device, a spectrophotometer, shows that, in fact, the highest peak of the intensity of skylight occurs in the violet range.

But why do we see blue, nonetheless? The resolution of the mystery lies in our daytime vision, which happens to be eight times less sensitive to violet than to blue light.

Does that mean it is “incorrect” to call the sky blue? Not really. Our names for colors reflect our common perception, whatever a mechanical instrument might say.

There you have it.  The sky is violet.  But we still call it blue.  Our eyes don’t see violet as well as blue, and the higher intensity of violet is not sufficient to overcome our innate sensitivity to blue.  That means more blue is registered by the cones in our eyes, so our brain just gives us what it has more of to work with.

[tags]Why is the sky blue, Eye color sensitivity[/tags]

Netscape.com hacked

(via F-Secure security blog)

I used to keep track of hacked web sites every day. It was a fun hobby until there were so many hacked sites every day I couldn’t keep up any more. That was over 4 years ago. Still, every once in a while, a major site gets hacked and makes the news. When it happens, I hate being so late finding out about it. Now that I have a site, though, I can at least post about it. That said, check it out:

netscape-hacked2.JPG

Netscape.com has been hacked via a persistent Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in their newly launched Digg-like news service. Attackers (who are obviously fans of Digg) have used the XSS vulnerability to inject their own javascript code snippets into pages on the website, including the homepage. As of now, it has only been used to display javascript alerts with “comical” messages and to redirect visitors to Digg.com!

Check out additional screenshots here and here.

Fortunately no one has tried to inject malcious code… yet.

We’ll finish our draft with more on the potential dangers of XSS for you soon.

[tags]Hacking, Hacked website, Netscape hacked, Netscape, F-Secure[/tags]